Makoto Tsubokawa received the B.S., M.S., and Dr. Eng. degrees in applied physics from Hokkaido　University in 1981, 1984, and 1990, respectively. In 1984, he joined NTT Electrical Communication Laboratory, where he was engaged in researches on optical fibers and FTTX network architecture, and R&D strategies. From 2007 to 2010, he was an Executive manager of research projects on the next generation access systems and future access media. Since September 2010, he is a Professor in the Graduate School of IPS, Waseda University.